Fluorine Facts - Atomic Number 9 or F

Fluorine is a halogen that exists under ordinary conditions as a pale yellow diatomic gas. The element is found in fluoridated water, toothpaste, and refrigerants. Here are facts about this interesting element. Fluorine Atomic Data Atomic Number: 9 Symbol: F Atomic Weight: 18.998403 Discovery: Henri Moissan 1886 (France) Electron Configuration: [He]2s22p5 Word Origin:  The name fluorine comes from the Latin and French fluere: flow or flux. Sir Humphry Davy proposed the element name, based on its presence in fluoric acid. The -ine suffix is consistent with the naming of other halogens. However, the element is named fluor in Greek and Russian. In early papers, it is referred to as fluorum. Properties: Fluorine has a melting point of -219.62 °C (1 atm), boiling point of -188.14 °C (1 atm), density of 1.696 g/l (0 °C, 1 atm), specific gravity of liquid of 1.108 at its boiling point, and valence of 1. Fluorine is a corrosive pale yellow gas. It is highly reactive, participating in reactions with virtually all organic and inorganic substances. Fluorine is the most electronegative element. Metals, glass, ceramics, carbon, and water will burn with a bright flame in fluorine. It is possible that fluorine can substitute for hydrogen in organic reactions. Fluorine has been known to form compounds with rare gases, including xenon, radon, and krypton. Free fluorine has a characteristic pungent odor, detectable at concentrations as low as 20 ppb. Toxicity: Both elemental fluorine and the fluoride ion are highly toxic. The recommended maximum allowable concentration for a daily 8-hour time-weighted exposure is 0.1 ppm. Neither fluorine nor its ion, fluoride, are considered trace nutrients for human nutrition. However, fluoride does impact bone strength. Uses: Fluorine and its compounds are used in producing uranium. Fluorine, in the form of fluorite, is added during smelting to help reduce the melting points of metals. Fluorochlorohydrocarbons are used in refrigeration applications. Fluorine is used to produce many chemicals, including several high-temperature plastics. The presence of sodium fluoride in drinking water at the level of 2 ppm may cause mottled enamel in teeth, skeletal fluorosis, and may be associated with cancer and other diseases. However, topically applied fluoride (toothpaste, dental rinses) may help reduce the incidence of dental caries. Sources: Fluorine occurs in fluorspar (CaF) and cryolite (Na2AF6) and is widely distributed in other minerals. It is obtained by electrolyzing a solution of potassium hydrogen fluoride in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in container of transparent fluorspar or metal. Element Classification: Halogen Isotopes: Fluorine has 17 known isotopes ranging from F-15 to F-31. F-19 is the only stable and most common isotope of fluorine.Density (g/cc): 1.108 ( -189 °C) Appearance:  At room temperature and pressure, pure fluorine is a very pale, greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Liquid fluorine, like chlorine, is bright yellow. Solid fluorine is found in alpha and beta allotropes. The alpha form is opaque, while the beta form is transparent. Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 17.1 Covalent Radius (pm): 72 Ionic Radius: 133 (-1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.824 (F-F) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 0.51 (F-F) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 6.54 (F-F) Pauling Negativity Number: 3.98 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1680.0 Oxidation States: -1 Lattice Structure: Monoclinic CAS Registry Number: 7782-41-4 Fluorine Trivia Fluorine in the form of the mineral fluorite was used in the 1500s to aid in ore smelting.Fluorine was suspected to be an element as early as 1810 but wasnt successfully isolated until 1886. Many chemists trying to isolate the element would be blinded or even killed by the violent reactions that generally accompany fluorine gas.Henri Moissan earned the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for being the chemist who finally successfully isolated fluorine (and also invented the electric arc furnace).Fluorine is the 13th most common element in the Earths crust.Fluorine is the 24th most abundant in the universe. Fluorine Fast Facts Element Name: FluorineElement Symbol: FAtomic Number: 9Appearance: Pale yellow gas.Group: Group 17 (Halogen)Period: Period 2Discovery: Henri Moissan (June 26, 1886) Sources Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1998). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.Moissan, Henri (1886). Action dun courant à ©lectrique sur lacide fluorhydrique anhydre. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sà ©ances de lAcadà ©mie des sciences (in French). 102: 1543–1544.Nielsen, Forrest H. (2009). Micronutrients in Parenteral Nutrition: Boron, Silicon, and Fluoride. Gastroenterology. 137 (5): S55–60. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.072Patnaik, Pradyot (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances (3rd ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-71458-3.

Review Of This Book Will Save Your Life - 2075 Words

Matthew Tshoi 7/25/14 Professor Brian Katz Final Essay Transformation â€Å"This Book Will Save Your Life† Richard Novak, a self made worker who works independently, works with stocks and does trades online without ever leaving his house. Richard seems to have a really great lifestyle in Los Angeles, having his own personal nutritionist cooking him all healthy meals and his own personal trainer to help him get the exercise he needs every day. Richard lives comfortably and doesn’t appear to stress over much. One day Richard wakes up in the morning and is in severe pain thinking he is having a heart attack. Richard then goes to the hospital to find out what is wrong with him, but turns out that the doctors cannot find out anything causing the pain that he is feeling. Richard then realizes that nothing is wrong with him and he is feeling lonely and not having the closure that he desires. Finally when Richard gets out of the emergency room he finds a huge hole in front of his home and tries to tell everyone but they did not seem to care about it. Richard realizes how lone ly he was feeling and realizes that he is still in love with his ex wife, and decides to call her. He then changes things in his life such as eating doughnuts for the first time in so long and interacting with all different types of people. Later on he leaves his home seeing his son drunk and findingShow MoreRelatedTotal Money Makeover Financial Review1057 Words   |  5 PagesTotal Money Makeover Book Review So, you’re making payments on your car, your furniture, your house and your credit cards. In other words, you’re a typical American†¦and you’re in trouble. You’re behind on your payments and see no earthly way to dig your way out of your miserable pit. You need Dave Ramsey. Dave Ramsey is direct, he doesn’t sugar-coat his advice. He’ll tell you what’s smart and what’s not so smart. He won’t tell you that the road out of debt is always easy. Ramsey gives aRead MoreSmart Money Wisely By Dave Ramsey And His Daughter Rachel Cruze896 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this assignment is to learn how to use my money wisely and also teach my children to use their money wisely also. The book I l chose to read is Smart Money Smart Kids by Dave Ramsey and his daughter Rachel Cruze. The five principles that I’ve learned out of this book is to teach your children young, about giving, saving, spend, budgeting, a nd debt. There are so many great principles that can be talk about but the first one that I will be talking about is teaching are children youngRead MoreHow College Can Be Expensive1493 Words   |  6 Pagestimes everyone is looking for ways to save money in any way possible. Here are some simple things that you can do to help reduce the cost of your schooling. One way to greatly decrease the price of your education is to start off with community college. A junior college is much cheaper than a university, but they usually offer the same core curriculum. You can go to a local school for your first couple of semesters and get your basics out the way. This will save a lot of money and you can just transferRead MoreThe Automatic Millionaire895 Words   |  4 PagesAutomatic Millionaires The book begins with the author David Bach meeting Jim McIntyre after one of his investment classes. Jim requests to meet the author to review their financial situation and the meeting is set. Mr. Bach is amazed as he looks through the McIntyre’s finances and the conversation switches from looking at their situation to asking how they’ve done what they’ve done. What the McIntyres told the author has help himself and many others through this book become automatic millionairesRead MoreThe Growth Of Electronic Commerce970 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as a book, toy, music, or clothing.† Many people have moved on with online shopping for some good reasons that comes with it. One of the reason is it being convenient. E-commerce provides option of home delivery which saves effort of actually going to the store and move around to make a choice. Buying online means to just seat on your couch and make a selection without even moving from your place. The best part of it is that you just have to place the order and it gets delivered at your doorstepsRead MoreA Complete Guide to Evernote: Remembering Everything Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pagesand other similar devices, this dream is slowly becoming a reality. The emergence of many applications which focuses in increasing productivity in an internet-age society now dominates the market. From basic files sharing possibilities to complete and real time interaction between electronic devices, these kinds of applications are continually improving as we speak. One of the most controversial and powerful application which is gaining popularity today is Evernote. This application revolutionizesRead MoreThe 0-6 Pack Abs Review1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe 0-6 Pack Abs Review written by: prettykitty The 0-6 Pack Abs needs to be a magic providence, but does it work well? Or perhaps it a gimmick? To reply to this, we want real facts, so I ve gotten myself a replica of Michael s book - The 0-6 Pack Abs PDF Free Download, to learn. Come see what I ve found inside this highly valuable gem that s regarded as a prized treasure by a lot of whom it has already helped, or possibly, people who claim it s got? So now from the 0-6 Pack Abs Blueprint ProgramRead MoreHow The Whole Publishing Process Been For Me So Far?791 Words   |  4 Pageswriter out there have a deep love of books, and after reading many, many of them, I had read some great ones, a lot of good ones, and some very poor ones. So, like most people, after reading some of these bad books, I said to myself, â€Å"I can do better than this, how did this get published?† So, eventually, I had decided to give writing a shot and I haven’t looked back so far. 2. While you were writing, did you ever feel as if you were one of the characters? Ha, this is a weird question for me becauseRead MoreThe Kobo Aura Reading Experience beyond Expectations Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagestransitions, and provides pinch-to-zoom in reading the e-books. Software design, called the Kobo Reading Lifeâ„ ¢, improves the abbility to explore even more of ypur reading prefferences, the software finds the titles which you can later collect, store and share them on social networks like Facebook, Twitter or Linkedin. The books that you have stored are now organized in more fashionly manner, more organized. It is easier to find the next great book or an article to read with Kobo than earlier. With theRead MoreA New Way For Reading1207 Words   |  5 PagesReading: Google Book The Beginning of Story After the end of the 18th century, all knowledge has already been divided into different fields. Library is a place for collections of books, magazines or some materials including knowledge of all fields. No matter you want to learn math or history, all people can enter there for learning more. People may say, Google online library which is called â€Å"Google book† is an innovation in academic world without hesitation. Google scanned a lot of books from major libraries

A Pattern Of Death And Rebellion By Edgar Allan Poe

The major events that happen in one’s lifetime can have a great effect on the owner of that life. For example, a person finding themselves constantly surrounded by liars can alter their ability to trust another individual in the future. We may not put much thought into how much detail our lives hold or how each action, word, and decision impacts us as well as others around us. According to those observing â€Å"unstable† lives, they might wrongly give an accusation of a person having a mental illness without truly knowing the hardships that person previously endured. These people more times than not have been labeled with titles such as bipolar, psychotic, or even intellectually disabled. Throughout the course of Edgar Allan Poe’s life, we have a great illustration of how such aspects of life mentioned above can have an effect on an individual along with those involved. Within the life of Poe, a pattern of death and rebellion is compared in his literary works tha t concludes the reasoning behind his progressive mental state caused by loss rather than simply giving a psychological illness the blame. As a result from the death of Poe’s mother caused by tuberculosis (called consumption then), it caused him to be orphaned before the age of three. According to an article, â€Å"5 Things You Didn’t Know About Edgar Allan Poe†, he gives an interesting fact stating, â€Å"[. . .] his class-act father responded to her death by abandoning Poe and his two siblings† (Trex, WEB). This major loss duringShow MoreRelatedSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 PagesElements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. Poe and Hawthorne contributedRead More Prominence of Desire and Loss in Romantic Literature Essay2886 Words   |  12 Pagesreferred to as the â€Å"Romantic Spirit,† consist of principles such as idealism, rebellion, individualization, nostalgia, sublimity, and most importantly, desire and loss. Because desire is generally the drive for Romance, desire and loss seems to be the foundation of American Romanticism. In other words, each Romantic text contains some degree of desire and loss in it, with remnants of the other Romantic ideals. Both the pattern and importance of desire and loss in Romantic texts can be recognized byRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado 1912 Words   |  8 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an American author whose writing style, full of mysteries and macabre, has fascinated generations. However, his works are more than just thrillers and morbidities. The writings of this author often contain other themes such as companionship, family bonds, longing passion, and perhaps the strongest of these is revenge. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"Hop-Frog; or, The Eight Chained Ourang-Outangs† are two short stories that certainly demonstrate a recurring theme of revenge. PoeRead MoreJournal Entries - Ap English; How to Read Literature Like a Professor by Foster2571 Words   |  11 PagesKathryn Stockett is not perhaps seen by the unaware reader to be a quest, however as it details a journey, it can in actuality be broken down into the conventions Foster cleverly recognized: every journey or t rip a story embarks upon follows a pattern, and that pattern is a quest. The first component of a quest is the hero, the character – often central to the story – who makes a difference for the other characters, and often makes a great change in themselves through the experience of the quest.

Strategic Management for Innovation and Technology-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management for Innovation and Technology. Answer: Introduction Strategic management is the process in which an organization develops and implements plans for achieving the organizational goals and objectives. A successful strategic management process must involve managers and employees. The context of strategic management is concerned with the character and direction of the enterprise. This case study discusses Sara Lees retrenchment strategy concept. This strategy is adopted when an organization aims to minimize its cost by reducing one or a few business operations for achieving a stable financial position. In the given case study, Sara Lee started a small company of wholesale distribution that became larger with time, geographically and operationally. However, it was analysed that the shareholder value did not increase. Therefore, Sara Lee decided to divest eight business units for increasing operating profit and sales. It divested the less profitable industries and shifted its focus on food and beverage. This report shall critically evaluate the strategic retrenchment aspects of the company. Moreover, an analysis about the implications of Sara Lees macro-environment using PESTEL framework shall be made. At the end of the section, a set of recommendations of the strategic planning cycle regarding the organizations market and financial performance in Oman shall be determined. Critical Evaluation of Strategic Retrenchment Aspect Retrenchment Strategy is required by a company to reduce their expenditure in order to be more profitably stable. The financial stability is always the goal of a company and retrenchment strategy helps in achieving the same. This involves withdrawal of certain products or pulling out from a precise market and also sometimes discontinuing from the whole market. This is done to make a financial turnaround. Sara Lee Corporation also used these retrenchment strategies for stabilising their financial issues (Gamble and Thompson 2014). Sara Lee developed these strategies to make sure that the companies focus is primarily on the optimum utilization of its resources to make it more profitably stable. They wanted to focus on the products which have been more profitable and would provide strength to the companys financial status. Few years ago, the operating quality of the company was not as progressive as it was supposed to be. Sara Lees management then came up with the policy to support Sara Lees overall performance financially. Sara Lee divested some of their units from the market which included direct sales, meats in Europe and The United States, US retail coffee, Nuts and snacks (European) and other European products. The expected revenue to be obtained from the divested business was around $3 Bn. The net profit margins and operating margins from five out of eight businesses were negative. Four out of these five businesses had margin greater than negative 10%. Rest of the businesses also kept on declining and that is why the divestment strategy was developed. Sara Lees goal was to increase the profit margin, so they had to prioritise the sale of their beverages and goods used in households which were the areas where profit was marginally more. They also did something very innovative and it was really influential in 2008. They launched Project Accelerate, a program framed for reduction of cost and increase their productivity. Sara Lee started focussing on their overhead cost, reframing their supply chain and outsourcing. This program was planned to save approximately $400 million by the end of 2012 and in 2010 only, this project saved approximately $180 million. Then the management decided to buy back shares worth $3 billion within a three year period. Sara Lees revenue at the end of year 2010 was around $10.8 billion and then they decided to disassociate their international body care and household business (Tangpong, Abebe, and Li 2015). Their spinoff with Hanes brand Inc. was also a very bold move but eventually it was not as successful as it was projected by Sara Lee. The operating profit was still the support system of the company. This step could not strategically be called a deal breaker. The retrenchment plans was also a major part of their financial decisions. The company still lacked a lot of cash flow for their expansion programs and other projects. Other companies are also trying to compete with Sara Lee Corporation because they have been renewing the trends as far as the beverages and food products are concerned and Sara Lee has been struggling with the cash flow issues. Implications of Macro-Environment Sara Lees business units are affected by the external factors that can be analysed using the PESTEL framework: Political Forces- Political forces can be defined as the regulatory forces and legislations that affect the company. Sara Lee has a vast portfolio of companies from different industries. They deal in food and beverage, food processing, household products and multiple other categories that are governed by different regulatory bodies. Moreover, Sara Lee has business in over 40 countries such as Europe, America, Oman and others. Due to increased globalization, the business pattern and revenue is dependent on the taxation system of different countries. Economic Forces- The economic forces include the factors such as recession, unemployment, exchange rate fluctuations and other economic factors. It is analysed that the world is affected by global recession. The disposable income of the consumers has declined due to increased expenses. It is not pocket-friendly for the public to eat out which is why the consumers are turning to purchase food and grocery products. There is a need for more cash flow in the company for acquiring new trends from the food and beverage departments of other companies. However, there is economic slump experienced by Sara Lee that restricts growth. Social Forces- The social factors include the change in attitude, market trends, social trends, lifestyle and other socio-cultural factors. The people across the globe have changing demands and choices. In the current times, the people are switching to healthy and economical consumption of food that makes them purchase meet and other foods rather than eating out. Moreover, there is a need for products like frozen desserts, meats, bakery and coffee to make the range attractive. The consumers have high demand for the above mentioned food range as it is organic and suits the taste of consumers. The International Bakery experienced decline resulting in a loss of $726 million. This is because the consumers prefer having fresh bread in comparison to package bread. The demand for fresh bread is dominant in the European market. Further, the International Beverage segment grew that increases scope of opportunity for the beverages. Technological Forces- The technological factors refer to the recent developments and innovations in the technological field for improving the products and services. In the technologically advancing field, there is a huge opportunity for Sara Lee to conduct its business operations through e-commerce. Moreover, Sara Lee can focus on the logistics and production technology in the food industry for delivering high quality products. Such technological advancement shall increase the efficiency and quality of the products. Moreover, the cost may be decreased by the application of latest technology thereby giving room to Sara Lee for increasing operating profits (Johnston and Marshall 2016). Environmental Forces- There is increasing trend towards environmental sustainability. There is a wide scope for Sara Lee to create Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR products. The consumers prefer to consumer products that are sourced ethically or promote Corporate Social Responsibility. The eco-friendly products can help in increasing environmental sustainability in the organization. Legal Forces- The legal forces include the compliance procedures that can guide the legality of the company. The legal bodies make Sara Lee vulnerable as retrenchment shall increase unemployment level among the workers. The Workers Union, Remuneration Act and Fair Wage acts may apply to ensure satisfaction among the unemployed workers. Therefore, there is threat for Sara Lee if the legal compliances are not met with (Grant 2016). Recommendations of Strategic Planning Cycle The strategic planning cycle is defined as a set of formal planning procedures that are necessary to overcome operational problems. Before implementing a strategic decision, there is a number of decisions to be resolved. Sara Lee must select an external consultant who shall act as a strategic planning facilitator. The first step is to propose a mission. This shall align with the organizational competitive interests and advantages. It should also be noted that the need to review objectives arises from signals that may be different from, and independent of, the signals that cause a review of strategy. Each of the two cycles may take place at different times and over different periods of time (Fisher and Oberholzer-Gee 2013). First, Sara Lee on the go as any other company and it was a minor company that is doing extensive supply that slowly raised to a sequence of connected and unconnected commercial. The Sara Lee Corporation was an American purchaser stock association arranged in Downers Grove, Illinois. It had operations in more than 40 countries and sold its things in more than180 nations around the globe. The company after several years as mentioned earlier expanded into a food processing, retail food and household products to more than forty countries as mentioned earlier. For conducting the retrenchment strategy effectively, the employees must be chosen so that they are laid off strategically in a cost-efficient manner. Sara Lee must choose an appropriate timing to make the announcement (Frynas and Mellahi 2015). Firms may pursue a divestment strategy by spinning off a portion of the business and allowing it to operate as an independent business entity. But those that affect strategic decisions may be examined before, during or after the determination of objectives, the diagram is neutral on that point. It does show that strategic decisions cannot be taken until both the objectives and the factors affecting strategic decisions have been determined (Abebe and Tangpong 2018). The first stage is start engagement and commitment in which the employees must be engaged and commitment must be generated. Purpose and target setting involves setting of target mainly for the purpose of retrenchment. In the next step, analyzing and generating options, alternatives to retrenchment shall be determined. The issue that is confronting Sara Lee is that level board separation system and geologically spread operations has administration attempting to work viably. Declining benefits around the world, Sara Lee's Retrenchment is strip eight of its specialty units to raise productivity through working benefits and deals (Harrison and John 2013). Sara Lee has several positions that it can take that can strategically grow its profitability. The company currently has limited margins on its bakery line, especially from its dessert items. Since Sara Lee has significant market share with its packaged bread in North America, the company should eliminate its dessert sales and the sale of single-serving coffeemakers. Growth in this segment is very slow, and is not growing within the foodservice industry either. By selling off its dessert brands, Sara Lee can invest the profits of the sale into other innovations in its other business units. Sara Lee International should expand its household and body care brands into the Oman (Tangpong, Abebe, and Li 2015). Conclusion Sara Lee started a small company of wholesale distribution that became larger with time, geographically and operationally. Retrenchment Strategy is required by a company to reduce their expenditure in order to be more profitably stable. They wanted to focus on the products which have been more profitable and would provide strength to the companys financial status. Sara Lees goal was to increase the profit margin, so they had to prioritise the sale of their beverages and goods used in households which were the areas where profit was marginally more. The retrenchment plans was also a major part of their financial decisions. The company still lacked a lot of cash flow for their expansion programs and other projects. There is a need for more cash flow in the company for acquiring new trends from the food and beverage departments of other companies. Sara Lee can focus on the logistics and production technology in the food industry for delivering high quality products. References Abebe, M.A. and Tangpong, C., 2018. Founder?CEOs and corporate turnaround among declining firms. Corporate Governance: An International Review. Fisher III, W. W., and Oberholzer-Gee, F. 2013. Strategic management of intellectual property.California management review,55(4), 157-183. Frynas, J. G., and Mellahi, K. 2015.Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Gamble, J. and Thompson, A.A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Harrison, J. S., and John, C. H. S. (2013).Foundations in strategic management. Cengage Learning. Johnston, M. W., and Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Mann, M. and Byun, S.E., 2017. To retrench or invest? Turnaround strategies during a recessionary time.Journal of Business Research,80, pp.24-34. Tangpong, C., Abebe, M. and Li, Z., 2015. A temporal approach to retrenchment and successful turnaround in declining firms.Journal of Management Studies,52(5), pp.647-677. Tangpong, C., Abebe, M. and Li, Z., 2015. A temporal approach to retrenchment and successful turnaround in declining firms.Journal of Management Studies,52(5), pp.647-677.